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iOS Mail supports Exchange accounts very well, but if you're using an Exchange-compatible service, such as Amazon WorkMail, the configuration steps can be confusing. Here's the cheat sheet:
Go to iOS Settings > Apps > Mail > Mail Accounts and add a new account. You want to do so from the screen that lets you choose between iCloud, Exchange, Gmail, and other providers. To get there, tap "Choose from list," then tap Microsoft Exchange.
Enter your WorkMail address, but use the form "me@organization.awsapps.com" where "me" is your email username — i.e.: Enter "bob" if your email address is bob@mycompany.com. For "organization" enter the name of your WorkMail organization — i.e.: "mycompany" in my example. The result will be something like "bob@mycompany.awsapps.com".
Tap Next, then confront the confusing dialog that iOS displays, asking if it should send your information to Microsoft. This dialog is misleading; it's actually contacting Amazon, not Microsoft, so tap Sign In and provide your mail account password. Exchange's "autodiscover" feature will figure out the rest of the correct settings for your account.
If all goes well, you'll be asked what types of data you want to use with this account — such as Mail, Contacts, Calendar, etc. If instead you see fields to specify the mail server and other account info, something went wrong. (You won't get an error message telling you what went wrong.) You need to start over.
Once you get past the point of selecting types of data to sync, the device will guide you through the rest of the steps.
After your account is added, you can edit its details to remove the "awsapps." portion of the address — that is, make it "bob@mycompany.com" instead. The "awsapps" form of the address was only necessary to retrieve the correct server configuration.